{"id":1039,"date":"2013-03-23T18:43:00","date_gmt":"2014-04-08T19:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=1039"},"modified":"2016-03-11T14:12:00","modified_gmt":"2016-03-11T13:12:00","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=1039","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/milaffat_13.3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1040\" src=\"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/milaffat_13.3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"247\" height=\"350\" 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\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2002. \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632\u060c\u00a0<b><i>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629<\/i><\/b>\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c 2009.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Daniel Philpott, \u201cBeyond Politics as Usual: Is Reconciliation Compatible with Liberalism?\u201d in\u00a0Daniel Philpott ed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><b style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\"><i>The Politics of Past Evil: Religion, Reconciliation, and the Dilemmas of Transitional justice<\/i><\/b><i style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">.<\/i><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">\u00a0 Notre Dame, Indiana: U of Notre Dame Press, 2006, p. 26.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u00a0\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 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justify;\">4-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Darius Rejali,\u00a0<b><i>Torture and Democracy<\/i><\/b>, Princeton University Press, 2007,\u00a0P. 46.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 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\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">7-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1946 \u0648 1948 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 27 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">8-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ellen L. Lutz and Caitlin Reiger, &#8220;Introduction,&#8221; in Ellen L. Lutz and Caitlin Reiger,\u00a0<\/span><b style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Prosecuting Heads of State<\/b><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp.1-24.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">9-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hannah Arendt,\u00a0<b><i>les Origines du totalitarisme, Eichmann a Jerusalem<\/i><\/b>, Quarto Gallimard, 2002, pp. 977-1415.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">10-\u00a0Osiel, p. 312,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">11-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Lutz &amp; Reiger, p. 14.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">12-\u00a0Hannah Arendt, Opcit<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">13-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mark Osiel.\u00a0\u00a0<b><i>Juger les crimes de masse: La m\u00e9moire collective et le droit<\/i><\/b>. \u00a0Paris\u00a0: Seuil, 2006.\u00a0 Titre original\u00a0:\u00a0<i>Mass Atrocity,\u00a0<b>Collective memory, and the Law<\/b><\/i>.\u00a0 New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1997, p. 422.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 &#8220;\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0624\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628.\u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627.\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u062b\u0627\u062b \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647. \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062b\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">14-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629\u060c\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.\u00a0 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u00a0processus\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">15-\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c\u00a0<b><i>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">16-\u00a0\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0637\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c&#8221; \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00a0<b>\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/b>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ribatalkoutoub.com\/spip.php?article183.\">http:\/\/www.ribatalkoutoub.ma\/spip.php?article183.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">17-\u00a0\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646:\u00a0\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644Grandin , Greg, \u201cThe Instruction of Great Catastrophe: Truth Commissions, National History, and State Formation in Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala,\u201d\u00a0The American Historical Review, Vol 119, No 1, February 2005.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627:Gretchen E. Schafft, \u00ab\u00a0The Ethical Dimensions of Peace,\u201d in\u00a0<b>Barbara Rose Johnston and Susan Slymovics<\/b>, eds.\u00a0 Waging War, Making Peace, Reparations and Human Rights, pp. 31-56.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">18-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phelps, Therea Godwin.\u00a0\u00a0<b><i>Shattered Voices: Language, violence, and the Work of Truth Commissions<\/i><\/b>.\u00a0 U of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">19-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Social Suffering [Paperback]\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s\/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&amp;sort=relevancerank&amp;search-alias=books&amp;field-author=Arthur%20Kleinman\">Arthur Kleinman<\/a>\u00a0(Editor),\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s\/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&amp;sort=relevancerank&amp;search-alias=books&amp;field-author=Veena%20Das\">Veena Das<\/a>\u00a0(Editor),<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s\/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_3?_encoding=UTF8&amp;sort=relevancerank&amp;search-alias=books&amp;field-author=Margaret%20Lock\">Margaret Lock<\/a>\u00a0(Editor\u00a0about bad death. one paper you might take a look at is veena das&#8217; &#8216;language and the body: transactions in the construction of pain&#8217; in<a title=\"blocked::&lt;a href=\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0520209958\/qid=1150091064\/sr=1-2\/ref=sr_1_2\/102-6991854-5956116?s=books&amp;v=glance&amp;n=283155\">http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0520209958\/qid=1150091064\/sr=1-2\/ref=sr_1_2\/102-6991854-5956116?s=books&amp;v=glance&amp;n=283155<\/a>&#8220;&gt;social suffering, das, klienman, lock (ed)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">20-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646<b><i>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/i><\/b>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c 2005. \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627:\u00a0Jennifer Lind.\u00a0\u00a0<b><i>Sorry states: Apologies in International Politics<\/i><\/b>.\u00a0 Cornell University, 2008, p . 3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">21-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phelps, Therea Godwin.\u00a0\u00a0<b><i>Shattered Voices: Language, violence, and the Work of Truth Commissions<\/i><\/b>.\u00a0 U of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">22-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Alex Boraine.\u00a0\u00a0<b><i>A country Unmasked<\/i><\/b>.\u00a0 Oxford U Press, 2000, p.425-426.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">23-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tutu, Desmond.\u00a0<b>\u00a0<i>No Future Without Forgiveness<\/i><\/b>.\u00a0 NY: An Image Book,2000, p. 81.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">24-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grandin , Greg, \u201cThe Instruction of Great Catastrophe: Truth Commissions, National History, and State\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Formation in Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala,\u201dThe American Historical Review, Vol 119, No 1, February 2005.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">25-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ole Bubenzer, \u201c<i>Post-TRC Prosecutions\u201d in\u00a0<b>South Africa: Accountability for Political Crimes after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission&#8217;s Amnesty Process<\/b><\/i>, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009, p.231.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">26-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Daniel Philpott, \u201cBeyond Politics as Usual: Is Reconciliation Compatible with Liberalism?\u201d in\u00a0Daniel Philpott ed.\u00a0\u00a0<b><i>The Politics of Past Evil: Religion, Reconciliation, and the Dilemmas of Transitional justice<\/i><\/b><i>.<\/i>\u00a0 Notre Dame, Indiana: U of Notre Dame Press, 2006, pp. 11-44.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">27-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Amartya Sen,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><b style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\"><i>The Idea of Justice<\/i><\/b><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">.\u00a0 Allen Lane, 2009, pp. 410-412.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">28-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.\u00a0 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061f 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