{"id":1692,"date":"2011-03-05T10:59:19","date_gmt":"2011-03-05T09:59:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=1692"},"modified":"2016-03-10T22:31:44","modified_gmt":"2016-03-10T21:31:44","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=1692","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0647\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0644\u062e \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0633\u0645\u0629” “Feature” \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 16 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a” “Formal” \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 15 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 (Formal, Formalism, Formalisation, Formalise). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a) (Fonctionnel) \u0641\u064a 43 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a (Grammatical) ( \u0641\u064a 38 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u062c\u062f ( (Grammar, Grammatical, Grammaticality, Grammaticalisation, Grammaticly, )<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0644) (verbe) \u0641\u064a 43 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Semantic) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 78 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c (\u0623\u064a: \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f)\u060c<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u063a\u0629 (Language) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 82 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a (linguistic) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 62 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0635\u0648\u062a (Sound) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 27 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (Social) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a 17 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0648 3542 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a 406 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 64 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 30 \u0633\u0646\u0629) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

2. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 (Pr\u00e9fixes) \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0642 (affixes) \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (de) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 (de) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064e\u0632\u0652\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0623) (de) \u0646\u0632\u0652\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (d\u00e9phonologisation) \u0625\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 (decontextualisation) \u0631\u0641\u0652\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 (d\u00e9cr\u00e9olisation) \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 (d\u00e9flextion) \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0629 (d\u00e9nasalization)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0628) (non-) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 (non-specific) \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a (non-syllabic) \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (non-sensical)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u062c)(-sation) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 (passivization) \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 (pidginization) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 (neutralization)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

3) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 (\u00e9quivalence)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 “donkey anaphora” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: “\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644: “pronom d\u2019\u00e2ne”. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (donkey anaphora) \u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0634 (Geach) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1962 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 (Lewis) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1975 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633 (Evans) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1977\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a: Every farmer owns a donkey beats it. (tout fermier qui poss\u00e8de un \u00e2ne le bat)<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 (it) \u0648(le). \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0650\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627.<\/p>\n

4. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a. \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0650\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0628\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0640\u064e\u0645\u064f\u062c\u064f\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 (gap) \u0625\u062b\u063a\u0627\u0631 (gapping)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0631 (voisement)\u060c \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0631\u064f\u0641\u0629 (alphab\u00e9tisation)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (fossil)\u060c \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u062a (damping)\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 (prefixation)\u060c \u0627\u0650\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064e\u0647 (lip-read) \u0648\u0627\u0650\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064c (lipereading) \u060c \u0625\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 (feedback)\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 (modulation)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0629 (interface)\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a (fontive)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0621 (module) \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 (modularity)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0639 (groupe)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (occurence)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 (catastase)\u060c \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 (phase)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646.<\/p>\n

5. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0635\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0650\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 (\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064f\u063a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0625\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u062c\u062f: \u0625\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0641\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629: (\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644): \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645: \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 (irradiation)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: (\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645) (\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627): \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639: \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0634\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d.<\/p>\n

6. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629… \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 (syntaxe) \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623) \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645. \u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062c\u062f: \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0631\u062e\u0648\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0641\u060c \u0633\u0650\u0646\u062e\u064a (alv\u00e9olaire).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f: \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0635\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u062c\u062f: \u0648\u062a\u0650\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0632\u0650\u062d\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0637\u064e\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

7. \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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