{"id":2067,"date":"2015-11-18T13:50:30","date_gmt":"2015-11-18T12:50:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=2067"},"modified":"2016-03-11T14:12:00","modified_gmt":"2016-03-11T13:12:00","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%ab%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=2067","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628: \u062b\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648<strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 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\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629\u00a0 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 7\u060c 1986.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0639 69-70\u060c2004\u0645. \/\u00a0 &#8211; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0639 4-5\u060c 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 62.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">-Nehemih Levtzion and John O. Voll (eds), <em>Eighteenth-Century Renewal and Reform in Islam<\/em>, New york\u00a0: Syracuse University Press, 1987.<\/p>\n[3]) \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0635\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 489 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n[4]) \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0635 \u0635 457-489.<\/p>\n[5]) \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 258 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 772. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (1876\u0645) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 220 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 338.<\/p>\n[6]) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 3 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 65\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 4 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 99<\/strong>.<\/p>\n[7]) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a<strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 238 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 722 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 6.<\/strong><\/p>\n[8]) \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Abdelhamid H\u00e9nia, \u00ab\u00a0Historiographie moderne en Tunisie et m\u00e9moires de l\u2019Etat (XVIIe-XIXe si\u00e8cles)\u00a0\u00bb in<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>Ecritures De l\u2019Histoire du Maghreb\u00a0: identit\u00e9, m\u00e9moire et historiographie<\/em>, Coordination\u00a0: A. El Moudden,<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">A. Henia, A. Benhadda, Publications F.L.S.H. Rabat, pp 59-80.<\/p>\n[9]) \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">[10]( &#8211; Re\u015fat Kaynar ,<em> Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa Ve Tanzimat<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara, 1991.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Paul Dumont, \u00ab\u00a0la p\u00e9riode des Tanzimat (1839-1878)\u00a0\u00bb in Robert Mantran , <em>Histoire de L\u2019empire Ottoman<\/em>, Fayard, Paris,1989, pp 459-522.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c\u00a0 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 2014. &nbsp; 1- \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633[1]\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":116,"featured_media":2065,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[200,341,342,355,356],"class_list":["post-2067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-253","tag-200","tag-341","tag-342","tag-355","tag-356"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2067","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/116"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2067"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2067\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2067"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2067"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2067"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}