{"id":4187,"date":"2022-03-18T13:10:59","date_gmt":"2022-03-18T12:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=4187"},"modified":"2022-03-18T13:08:29","modified_gmt":"2022-03-18T12:08:29","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=4187","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"

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–\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1839: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1903: \u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u00a0\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a (\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a ” \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645” \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1815\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 (\u0635.142). \u0623\u0645\u0627 ” \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645” \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1908.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0622\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639\u0629 (\u0635.839)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 “\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645” \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u0635. 659)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 (\u0635.630). \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1829. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1860 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1877\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925. \u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u061f (\u0635. 580).<\/p>\n

\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647” \u0646\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0622\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636” \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a “\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629” (\u0635.828)\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648 (\u0635. 798- 799). \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0635. 867).<\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a[2]<\/a>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a ” \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 “\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637”[3]<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629[4]<\/a>. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (1648- 1678) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (1798- 1808) \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (1830- 1876).<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ernest Gellner, Culture, Identity and Politics<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, 1977, pp. VII-VIII.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pierre Yves Saunier, Transnational History<\/em>, Macmillan International Education, 2013, pp. 1-<\/p>\n

2.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d: \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 2014\u060c \u0635. 293.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 249.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0637\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639 12\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635. 97-106.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u00a0George G. Iggers and Q. Edward Wang, A Global history of Modern Historiography<\/em>. Routledge, London \/ New York, 2013. p. 84-86.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Ibid., p. 89.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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