{"id":4393,"date":"2022-10-23T14:54:01","date_gmt":"2022-10-23T13:54:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=4393"},"modified":"2022-10-25T18:44:22","modified_gmt":"2022-10-25T17:44:22","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=4393","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637: “\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644”"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jacques Le Goff, Pour un autre Moyen \u00c2ges, Temps, travail et culture en Occident: 18 essais, Gallimard, Paris, 1977, 422 pages.<\/p>\n

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\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 “\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0644\u0628\u06a4\u0627\u0643\u0633” (Maurice Halbwachs) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u064a (\u0635. 59).
\n\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644” \u00abLe temps c\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 de l\u2019argent\u00bb. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628.
\n\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0635. 79). \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0621 “\u0637\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645” (Thomas de Chobham) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 (Manuel de confession) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 13\u0645 (\u0635. 101).
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641:
\n\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 “Oratores”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 “Bellatores”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 “Laboratores”\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.
\n\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “Labor” \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “Labores” \u0623\u0648 “Labor” \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631.
\n\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f “\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0644” (Georges Dum\u00e9zil)\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0635. 166).
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\n\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/p>\n

1. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0644\u064a: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635. 228.
\n2. \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062c6\u060c \u0635. 233-234.
\n3. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1987\u060c \u0635. 259-261.
\n4. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1981\u060c \u0635. 366-367.
\n5. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1990\u060c \u0635. 88\u2013 89.
\n6. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0637\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c 2012 \u2013 2013\u060c \u0635. 238.
\n7. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 53.
\n8. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635. 73.
\n9. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c 6\u060c \u0635. 149.
\n10. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 88. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635.423.
\n11. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 143-145.<\/p>\n

12. Raymond Jamous, Honneur et Baraka, les structures sociales traditionnelles dans le Rif, Cambridge University Press et Maison des Sciences de l\u2019Homme, Paris, 1981, p. 208.
\n13. Edmond Doutt\u00e9, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, Alger, 1909, pp. 40-43.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jacques Le Goff, Pour un autre Moyen \u00c2ges, Temps, travail et culture en Occident: 18 essais, Gallimard, Paris, 1977, 422 pages. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (les Annales) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631 (Lucien Febvre) \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 (Marc …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":266,"featured_media":4395,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[395],"tags":[361,906,994,1017,254,255],"class_list":["post-4393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-395","tag-361","tag-906","tag-994","tag-1017","tag-254","tag-255"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/266"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4393"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4393\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}