{"id":4434,"date":"2022-11-09T16:28:33","date_gmt":"2022-11-09T15:28:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=4434"},"modified":"2022-11-13T15:36:51","modified_gmt":"2022-11-13T14:36:51","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=4434","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a)<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>R\u00e9ussir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole, <\/strong><strong>Sciences Humaines, <\/strong>Mensuel No. 318S octobre 2019, pp. 29-33<strong>. Auteur: <\/strong>H\u00e9lo\u00efse Lh\u00e9r\u00e9t\u00e9<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Tarjamat_11-22_01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-4436\" src=\"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Tarjamat_11-22_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Tarjamat_11-22_01.jpg 449w, https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Tarjamat_11-22_01-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><\/a>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0645\u061f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a&#8230;). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a!) \u0648\u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0643 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633&#8230; \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0639. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u00a0 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0644\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u00bb. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u061f \u0623\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0627\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\/ \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0622\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1882 \u0625\u0630 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>1- <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a ( (Alfred Binet\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 (Th\u00e9odore Simon)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0626\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0632\u064f\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628\u0647\u061f (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u06a4\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u06af\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb)\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u061f \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u0650\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u00ab\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 g\u00bb*. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 (Rex Jung, Richard Haier)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a&#8221; (\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621: \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<sup>(1)<\/sup> \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0631 (Howard Gardner) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621_\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u0640\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 g\u00bb. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>2-<strong>&#8230;\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629\u064e \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647&#8230;:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u06a4\u064a\u0644 (John Flavell) . \u064a\u064f\u0640\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u00bb. \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 (QI) \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629: \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643) \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u062d\u060c \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647&#8230; \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 (QI) \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u06a4\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Marcel Veenman)\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 (\u0628\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u00bb<sup>(2)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0650\u062a\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631<sup>(3)<\/sup> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a. (\u0635. 42)<\/p>\n<p>3-<strong>&#8230;\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0643&#8230;:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 (<em>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/em>)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645: \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641&#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629. (\u0635. 54)<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 (\u0635. 34). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0647\u064a\u0646 (Stanislas Dehaene). \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062d \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (Antonio Bandura)\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062b (Carole Dweck, Angela Duckworth). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a (Olivier Houd\u00e9). \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>4-<strong>&#8230;\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629&#8230;:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 -\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0652\u064a\u0650\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646(Pierre Bourdieu et Jean-Claude Passeron) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 <em>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062b\u0629&#8221;<\/em>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630&#8221; (Osmose) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644: &#8220;<em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u06af\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u2011\u067e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 (Ga\u00eblle Henri-Panabi\u00e8re) \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 <em>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 &#8220;\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c&#8221; <\/em>\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646<sup>(4)<\/sup> \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c<sup>(<\/sup><sup>4<\/sup><sup>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 (Bernard Lahire) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f &#8220;<em>\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/em>&#8220;. \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627 (Sandrine Garcia)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0644 &#8220;\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u064a&#8221; (Osmotique) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0650\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0635. 38).\u00a0 \u0641\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>5-<strong>..<\/strong><strong>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 (\u0635. 46-56). \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0634\u063a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u062f\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0631\u0636\u0649\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648(Malo) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627 (Ma\u00ebl Virat) (\u0635. 44). \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0651\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0647\u0650\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u064d\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0646\u061f \u0623\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645&#8230;\u061f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064e \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0640\u0645\u064f\u062a \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629: \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a (Frisbee)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u061f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0622\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>*\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628. g \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0(1) Rex Jung et Richard Haier, \u00abThe Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence\u00bb, <em>Behavioral and Brain Sciences<\/em>, vol. XXX, n\u00b0 2, avril 2007.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">(2) Marcel Veenman, <a href=\"http:\/\/research.unir.net\/blog\/\">http:\/\/research.unir.net\/blog\/<\/a> veenman-even-brighter-students-have-to-keepdeveloping-metacognition-skills\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">(3) On peut se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer, par exemple, \u00e0 la collection \u00abLes petits cahiers\u00bb des \u00e9ditions Retz.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">(4) Ga\u00eblle Henri-Panabi\u00e8re, <em>Des \u00abh\u00e9ritiers\u00bb en \u00e9checscolaire<\/em>, La Dispute, 2010.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a)\u00a0 R\u00e9ussir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole, Sciences Humaines, Mensuel No. 318S octobre 2019, pp. 29-33. Auteur: H\u00e9lo\u00efse Lh\u00e9r\u00e9t\u00e9 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0645\u061f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":246,"featured_media":4436,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-61"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/246"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4434"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4434\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}