{"id":5591,"date":"2025-09-03T11:15:08","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T10:15:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=5591"},"modified":"2025-09-18T08:21:06","modified_gmt":"2025-09-18T07:21:06","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=5591","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong>:<\/strong> “\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621” \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c.\u0645.\u062c \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649:<\/p>\n

\u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong>: \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 1909-1910)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0634\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637\u0640 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0650\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n

“\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0631 [\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623] \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0652\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629:\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648.” (\u0635. 42)<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1910): \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064aCharles \u00c9mile Moinier\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0640\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a\u062a: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0638 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629.\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628:<\/p>\n

“\u00ab\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a.\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645.\u00bb…\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647”(\u0635. 399).<\/p>\n

\u062f- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1912): \u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646Charles Mangin \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062c\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4- \u062a\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

5- \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

—————————————<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1- Jean Marie Gustave LeCl\u00e9zio, D\u00e9sert<\/u><\/em>, Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1980.<\/p>\n

2- \u0643\u0632\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064aXavier Antoine Coppolani\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1863 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0629 1905 \u0628\u062a\u064a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0643\u062c\u0627 (\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627).\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639. \u0644\u064f\u0642\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0633\u064f\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640”\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

3- \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0632 Camille Douls\u060c\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a 18 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1864 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 6 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1889 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 (\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062d\u064f\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u064f\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0639\u0652\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

4- \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0646Emile Mauchamp. \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a 3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 19 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1907 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0645\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0648\u063a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n

5- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064aLe G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Charles \u00c9mile Moinier. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1910 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

6- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646Le G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Charles Mangin. \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u064a 6 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1866\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0645\u060c \u0630\u0648 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0650\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u0631. \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 1904 \u06481912.<\/p>\n

7- J. M. G. Le Cl\u00e9zio, in G\u00e9rard de Cortanze, J.M.G. Le Cl\u00e9zio, <\/strong>Le nomade immobile<\/em>, Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1999, p. 224.<\/p>\n

8- Camille Douls, Cinq mois chez les Maures nomades du Sahara Occidental<\/em>. (https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k846158)<\/p>\n

– \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0632\u060c \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0638\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 2015.<\/p>\n

9- Camille Douls, \u00ab\u00a0Voyage d’exploration \u00e0 travers le Sahara occidental et le sud marocain<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, in Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de g\u00e9ographie<\/em>, VIIe<\/sup> s\u00e9rie, t. IX, Paris, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de G\u00e9ographie, 1888, p.437-479.http:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k377277\/f442.<\/p>\n

10- G\u00e9rard de Cortanze, J.M.G. Le Cl\u00e9zio, <\/strong>Le nomade immobile<\/em>, Ibid., p. 211.<\/p>\n

11- \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0648\u0644\u060c\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1911\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 “\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u060c”\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a…). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628…\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1961\u060c \u0635.104-164.<\/p>\n

12- \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n

Jemia et J.M.G. Le Clezio, Gens des nuages<\/em>, Edition Gallimard, Paris, 1997, pp. 42-48.<\/p>\n

13- \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0635. 101-244.<\/p>\n

14_ “\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627:’\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629’. \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0647\u064e\u0632\u0651 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0627:’\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642'”.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 148.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1- Camille Douls, Cinq mois chez les Maures nomades du Sahara Occidental<\/em>.<\/em> (https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k846158)<\/p>\n

2- Camille Douls, \u00ab\u00a0Voyage d’exploration \u00e0 travers le Sahara occidental et le sud marocain<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, in Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de g\u00e9ographie<\/em>, VIIe<\/sup> s\u00e9rie, t. IX, Paris, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de G\u00e9ographie, 1888, p.437-479. (http:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k377277\/f442. \u00a0)<\/p>\n

3- G\u00e9rard de Cortanze, J.M.G. Le Cl\u00e9zio, <\/strong>Le nomade immobile<\/em>, Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1999.<\/p>\n

4- Jean Marie Gustave Le Cl\u00e9zio, D\u00e9sert<\/em>, Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1980.<\/p>\n

5- Jemia et J.M.G. Le Clezio, Gens des nuages<\/em>, Edition Gallimard, Paris, 1997.<\/p>\n

6- \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0632\u060c \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0638\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 2015.<\/p>\n

7- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1961.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629: “\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621” \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648 \u00a0 1- \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f: \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648Jean Marie Gustave Le Cl\u00e9zio\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1963\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0648. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1980 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":5642,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[265,389,459,677,929],"class_list":["post-5591","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-253","tag-265","tag-389","tag-459","tag-677","tag-929"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5591","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5591"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5591\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5642"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5591"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5591"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5591"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}