{"id":6422,"date":"2026-02-20T15:08:36","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T14:08:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=6422"},"modified":"2026-02-20T21:50:01","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T20:50:01","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=6422","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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(\u0635 284)<\/p>\n

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(\u0635 15)<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648-\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb(19)<\/sup>. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0646\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064e \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0634\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u061b \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u00ab\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u00bb\u00bb(20)<\/sup>. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0650 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645\u064f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

-\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0651 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb. (\u0635 77)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u00bb. (\u063585)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0639\u064e \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u00bb. (\u0635 117)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0627\u062a\u00bb. (\u0635 127)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u00ab\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0635\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628. \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u00bb. (\u0635 142)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u00bb. (\u0635148)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646\u061f \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u00ab\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u00bb\u00bb. (\u0635 176- 177)<\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0639\u00bb. (\u0635 211)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

——————————————<\/p>\n

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1<\/sup>– \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00bb<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 2\/26\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 102\u060c \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 2018\u060c \u0635 328.<\/p>\n

2 – \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 2024\u060c \u0635 15.<\/p>\n

3 – \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00bb<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u0635 331.<\/p>\n

4 – \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f – \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 123.<\/p>\n

5 – \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00bb<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u0635 331. \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u00bb (Environmental Imagination) \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Lawrence Buell). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00bb [\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 Alan Gilpin]\u060c \u0635 331.<\/p>\n

6 – \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f- \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646- \u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 506\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023\u060c \u0635 20.<\/p>\n

7 – Greg Garrard, Ecocriticism<\/strong>, Routledge, London- New York, 1st <\/sup>Pub, 2004, p. 3.<\/p>\n

8 – \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0644\/ \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643. \u0647\u064a\u0633\/ \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0631\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 341.<\/p>\n

9 – Greg Garrard, Ecocriticism<\/strong>, p. 3.<\/p>\n

10<\/sup> – \u0631. \u0645. \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637- \u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a- \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u06372\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635 448.<\/p>\n

11<\/sup>– \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 18.<\/p>\n

12<\/sup>-\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 90.<\/p>\n

13<\/sup> -\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064f \u062e\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2021.<\/p>\n

14<\/sup>– \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 53.<\/p>\n

15<\/sup>– \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u00ab\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0633\u064f\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647. \u062b\u0644\u062c\u064c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630\u064c\u060c \u0632\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0623\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064f \u062b\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062e\u0649\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0630\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062a\u063a\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0634\u062c\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0650 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631. \u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0643\u064d \u0623\u062b\u062e\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631. \u0637\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0639\u064f \u0623\u063a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0628\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629\u064d\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u063a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u0650 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00bb. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064f \u062e\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0628<\/strong>\u00bb. \u06357.<\/p>\n

16<\/sup> – Greg Garrard, Ecocriticism<\/strong>, p. 59.<\/p>\n

17<\/sup> – \u0632\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 447\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023.<\/p>\n

18<\/sup> – \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646: \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645\u064e \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u061f<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2023\u060c \u0635 34.<\/p>\n

19<\/sup> – \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 19.<\/p>\n

20<\/sup> – \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0644\/ \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643. \u0647\u064a\u0633\/ \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0631\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u0635 336.<\/p>\n

21<\/sup>-Glen A. Love, Practical Ecocriticism: Literature, Biology, and the Environment<\/strong>, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville – London, 1st <\/sup>Pub, 2003, p. 20\u00a0.<\/p>\n

22<\/sup> – \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u00bb\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 306.<\/p>\n

23<\/sup>– \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c 1965\u060c \u0635 35.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  – \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064f \u062e\u0650\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2021. – \u0632\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 447\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023.   \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":245,"featured_media":6423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[1222,1223,1224,955,1221],"class_list":["post-6422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-253","tag-1222","tag-1223","tag-1224","tag-955","tag-1221"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/245"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6422"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6425,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6422\/revisions\/6425"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}