{"id":6781,"date":"2026-05-11T11:48:51","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T10:48:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=6781"},"modified":"2026-05-11T15:31:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T14:31:03","slug":"%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/?p=6781","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

Lauren Benton, They Called it Peace: Worlds of Imperial Violence<\/em><\/strong>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2024, 285 p.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0635. 14). \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 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\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0623\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 (guerilla warfare) \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f (insurgency) \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 (asymmetric warfare). \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f (insurgency\/counter-insurgency) \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0623\u0628 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 “\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646” \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0635. 6). \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 (\u0635. 7).<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (1500-1900) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0635\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0652\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628”. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d” \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 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     <\/p>\n

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(\u0635. 47). \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 (Cholula) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1519\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0644\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

    \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629” (pacification) \u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 “\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0630\u0648” \u0633\u0646\u0629 1540 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0630\u0631\u0648 \u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0630\u0627 \u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0650\u0631\u0627 (Pedro de Casta\u00f1eda de N\u00e1jera) \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0636\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0626\u0630 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 (\u0635. 50).<\/p>\n

    \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a (Pequot) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u0635. 54). \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 (\u0635. 55). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

    \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0635. 56). \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

    \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 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     <\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

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    \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 … \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 ‘\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629’ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 … \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629” (97-98).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0648\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d” (\u0635. 99). \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646\u060c “\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629” (\u0635. 102).<\/p>\n

      \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645” \u0644\u0625\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644 (Emer de Vattel<\/em>) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631 (The Lieber Code<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1863\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1754\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 (\u0635. 104).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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      “\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 -\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f- \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 … \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631” (\u0635. 114).<\/p>\n

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       <\/p>\n

      \u0628- \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629” (protection emergencies)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a” (\u0635. 150). \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 “\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629” \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 “\u0643\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629”. \u0648\u0642\u062f “\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636” (\u0635. 150). \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646: \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1839\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

      \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0635. 151). \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631” (\u0635. 157). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 (\u0635. 152). \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644” (\u0623\u0648 “\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629”) (gunboat diplomacy) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 (\u0635. 153).<\/p>\n

      \u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 (\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629” \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 “\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643” (\u0635. 159). \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629” (violence on patrol) \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 (\u0635. 161).<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0650\u062d\u064e\u062b\u0651\u0650 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c “\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a” (\u0635. 163).<\/p>\n

      \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 (\u0635. 165). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0633” (blandengues) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0650\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c “\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645” (\u0635. 166). \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 “\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a” (\u0635. 182).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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      \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062e\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u061f<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. 1. \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/li>\n
      2. 2. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1522 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Vincent Cornell, \u201cSocioeconomic Dimensions of Reconquista and Jihad in Morocco: Portuguese Dukkala and the Sa\u2019did Sus, 1450\u20131557,\u201d International Journal of Middle East Studies<\/em> 22 (1990): 379\u2013418.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 (privateer) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646 (pirate). \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0640”\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627” (1587-1588) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631”.<\/li>\n
        2. 4. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=t-L6bipL_ys<\/a><\/p>\n

          \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2019 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a (Toynbee) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. 5. Benton, \u201cLearning from Imperial Violence,\u201d 22 February 2024, https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/ideas\/learning-from-imperial-violence?srsltid=AfmBOoosUg4bcSurkiD7ImTLn_-c6beYcVx5Fa3CEY_kwecdXsgE5c-P<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

             <\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Lauren Benton, They Called it Peace: Worlds of Imperial Violence, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2024, 285 p.   \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":169,"featured_media":6782,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[395],"tags":[732,1079,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263],"class_list":["post-6781","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-395","tag-732","tag-1079","tag-1259","tag-1260","tag-1261","tag-1262","tag-1263"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/169"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6781"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6789,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6781\/revisions\/6789"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ribatalkoutoub.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}